Artemis I Retrograde Orbit: NASA’s Orion Spacecraft Will Travel 40,000 Miles Beyond the Moon

 


As part of the Artemis I mission, NASA's Orion spacecraft was launched by the Space Launch System (SLS). 


NASA's Orion spacecraft will travel thousands of miles beyond the Moon in a so-called "distant retrograde orbit" (D R O) to evaluate its capabilities during this mission, which will pave the way for missions with astronauts. In order to put Orion's systems to the test in a setting that is far from Earth, D R O provides a highly stable orbit that requires little fuel to stay in for an extended journey into deep space. 



According to Artemis Mission Manager Mike Sarafin, "Artemis I is a true stress test of the Orion spacecraft in the environment of deep space". D R O lets Orion spend more time in deep space for a rigorous mission without a crew to make sure that spacecraft systems like guidance, navigation, communication, power, and thermal control are ready to keep astronauts safe on future crewed missions. 


You will witness the first integrated flight test of NASA's Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System rocket, launched from the agency's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, over the next nine and a half minutes. The mission will take 25 and a half days to complete, from rollout to recovery. This uncrewed mission will be the first in a planned series of Artemis missions that will go beyond the Moon. It will show what astronauts who dare to operate in deep space will encounter on subsequent flights. 


Credit 


NASA The orbit is "distant" in the sense that it is far from the moon's surface and "retrograde" in the sense that Orion will travel around the moon in the opposite direction of Earth's orbit. While flying in D R O, Orion will travel approximately 240,000 miles from Earth to the Moon and approximately 40,000 miles beyond the Moon at its farthest point


Orion's service module, developed by the European Space Agency, will provide the propulsion necessary to reach D R O. Due to its interactions with two points in the planet-moon system, D R O is extremely stable. This allows a spacecraft to use less fuel and stay in place as it orbits the moon


Orion will spend approximately 6 to 19 days in D R O to collect data and enable mission controllers to assess the performance of the spacecraft. Due to orbital mechanics, the precise duration of Orion's stay at D R O is determined by its launch date


For the proposed Asteroid Redirect Mission (A R M), which was developed concurrently with the development of the S L S and Orion, NASA first investigated the D R O. The goal of ARM was to redirect an asteroid that was close to Earth to a lunar D R O. The asteroid's orbit is so stable that it could remain there for hundreds of years for research purposes without the need for propulsion. 


According to M E R A N C Y, "NASA's knowledge of D R O evolved out of many prior human spaceflight architecture studies". NASA's mission planners chose to capitalize on the studies and knowledge of D R O as a mission destination because they developed a strong knowledge base of the orbit as a result of the A R M studies and determined that D R O could meet the Artemis I objectives. 


NASA will use Artemis to set up long-term exploration in preparation for Mars missions and land the first woman and person of color on the moon. NASA's foundation for deep space exploration is made up of S L S, Orion, the commercial human landing system, and the Gateway, which will orbit the Moon 

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